Death and the Grief Reaction Process
Suffering a serious loss in one's personal life can lead to behavioral and emotional problems and/or difficulty in academic and social skills. One means of assisting students to overcome their sense of loss is to understand the five stages of the grief reaction process. Every person grieves somewhat differently, and there is seldom any clear-cut order or pattern. One individual might move quickly from one emotion to the next, while another might show only one intense emotion for a long period of time. A brief overview of each stage of grief is presented next, along with suggestions for helping individuals deal with each stage.
Denial Stage
An individual at this stage is intellectually aware that a loss has occurred, but wants to believe
and/or act as if the dead individual will return. A common reaction during this
stage is making deals. In this case, an individual might promise God that he or
she will complete all chores without complaining, if the loved one can be
returned. Teachers, counselors, or others interacting with the child
during the denial stage should not refute the expression of desire for the loved
one's return. Identification of the emotion expressed ("You're really missing Jose,
aren't you?) will communicate understanding and acceptance. Working with the
child on a scrapbook containing photographs or other memorabilia associated with
the significant person is recommended.
Fear Stage
Tragedies that involve violence often
instill fear in survivors. Children, in particular, may fear that a
similar fate may befall them, other family members, or close friends.
Some children may be reluctant to return to school after the funeral,
fearing that family members may also die before they return home from school.
Allowing the child to remain home for a few days until a more normal family
routine exists is often the best cure. In cases where a classmate's death has
resulted from a shooting, kidnapping, or murder, providing a sense of assurance
is critical to the healing process.
Anger Stage
Anger is the one
emotion that survivors of loss, regardless of reason (e.g., divorce, old age,
suicide, accident), universally feel. Individuals are angry at the person who
has left them, perhaps at themselves for not doing something to prevent the
loss, or at one or more other individuals for their perceived role in the
loss. A critical role played by general and special educators is to
direct the anger into constructive activity. Students should be taught that, while they may not
be able to control the emotion they feel, they can control what they do with
their feelings. Physical activities (e.g., swimming, running, dancing) and
creative activities (e.g., entries in a journal, musical composition,
construction with clay or other media) serve as positive expressions for
anger.
Depression Stage
A number of behaviors – ranging from crying, lethargy, and withdrawal to avoidance behaviors – can indicate depression. For instance, during this stage, students tend to become
class clowns and engage in self-destructive behaviors like substance abuse
and/or promiscuity. Praise and nurturing are essential aspects of the
recovery process. Frequent reminders that conditions will improve are also helpful. Even a hug or a pat on the back can let the individual know that someone cares. One of the most beneficial
activities is to get the individual involved in helping others; such activity
tends to bolster self-esteem and put the individual in control over at least
some events in his or her life.
Reorganization Stage
Most individuals progress through each of the stages just summarized within a few weeks. Some, however,
are unwilling to move out of grieving for fear they will forget the individual
who has died or who is no longer a part of their lives. These individuals tend
to think that they need permission to continue living from a trusted person such
as a family member, friend, and teacher. One means of assisting the individual
to get over this reorganization hump is to suggest a ritual of farewell to end
the grieving period. Some individuals can finalize this goodbye rather quickly.
Others may need several weeks or months before this ritual closure can occur.
Following is a brief summary of age-specific activities that could be employed to assist students of varying age levels to work through the grieving process:
- Primary Students: Put a sad/smiley face on a flipchart and ask students to describe which feeling is associated with the face. Have them recollect a time when they may have felt this way, and share what made them feel better.
- Middle-Level Students: Discuss the word "grief" before a loss actually occurs. Have students provide examples of events that promote feelings of grief. Ask them to describe how a grieving person feels, and identify ways that a grieving person can work through the grief process.
- Secondary Students: Discuss different types of loss (e.g., death, divorce, and boy/girlfriend break-up). Ask for the reactions students may have experienced with regard to the loss, and discuss ways of dealing with it.
More on Helping Students Deal with Crises.
Excerpted from Disruption, Disaster, and Death: Helping Students Deal with Crises.
Provided in partnership with The Council for Exceptional Children.
